Всякие плюшки команды ls*

2012-08-17

Взято с http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/linux-ls-commands-examples/

 

 

verything is a file under Linux and ls* and friends can help you to dig out more information from the system than you originally thought. These Linux tips may come in handy when you need to find out information quickly without going through /proc or sysfs.

#1: lsscsi

See list SCSI devices (or hosts) and their attributes under Linux operating systems:

$ lsscsi -g

Sample outputs:

[0:0:0:0]    disk    Adaptec  RAID1-A          V1.0  /dev/sda   /dev/sg0
[0:1:0:0]    disk    SEAGATE  ST373455SS       0006  -         /dev/sg1
[0:1:1:0]    disk    SEAGATE  ST373455SS       0006  -         /dev/sg2
[1:0:0:0]    cd/dvd  TEAC     DV-28E-R         1.8A  /dev/sr0   /dev/sg3

#2: lsblk

Use this command to list block devices

# lsblk

Sample outputs:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    1  68.3G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    1   716M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    1     8G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    1  59.6G  0 part /
sr0     11:0    1  1024M  0 rom

To see file system type:

# lsblk -f

Sample outputs:

NAME   FSTYPE LABEL MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 ext2         /boot
├─sda2 swap         [SWAP]
└─sda3 ext4         /
sr0

To output info about permissions:

# lsblk -m

Sample outputs:

NAME     SIZE OWNER GROUP MODE
sda     68.3G root  disk  brw-rw----
├─sda1   716M root  disk  brw-rw----
├─sda2     8G root  disk  brw-rw----
└─sda3  59.6G root  disk  brw-rw----
sr0     1024M root  cdrom brw-rw----

#3: lsb_release

Use this command to see Linux distribution-specific information, enter:

# lsb_release<br style=“padding: 0px; margin: 0px;” />

# lsb_release -a

Sample outputs:

LSB Version:	:core-4.0-amd64:core-4.0-ia32:core-4.0-noarch:graphics-4.0-amd64:graphics-4.0-ia32:graphics-4.0-noarch:printing-4.0-amd64:printing-4.0-ia32:printing-4.0-noarch
Distributor ID:	CentOS
Description:	CentOS release 5.8 (Final)
Release:	5.8
Codename:	Final

#4: lsusb

Use this command to see USB buses in the Linux based system and the devices connected to them:

$ lsusb

Sample outputs:

Bus 002 Device 004: ID 045e:00db Microsoft Corp. Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 V1.0
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 046d:c52f Logitech, Inc. Wireless Mouse M305
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0020 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 007: ID 413c:8160 Dell Computer Corp. Wireless 365 Bluetooth
Bus 001 Device 006: ID 413c:8162 Dell Computer Corp. Integrated Touchpad [Synaptics]
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 413c:8161 Dell Computer Corp. Integrated Keyboard
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 0a5c:4500 Broadcom Corp. BCM2046B1 USB 2.0 Hub (part of BCM2046 Bluetooth)
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0a5c:5800 Broadcom Corp. BCM5880 Secure Applications Processor
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0020 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub

#5: lscpu

lscpu command shows information about CPU architecture information like number of CPUs, threads, cores and much more under Linux:

$ lscpu

Sample outputs:

Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
CPU(s):                8
Thread(s) per core:    2
Core(s) per socket:    4
CPU socket(s):         1
NUMA node(s):          1
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 30
Stepping:              5
CPU MHz:               1199.000
Virtualization:        VT-x
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              256K
L3 cache:              8192K

#6: lspci

lspci command shows information about PCI buses in the system and devices connected to them:

$ lspci

Sample outputs:

00:00.0 Host bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800 Host Bridge (rev 14)
00:00.1 Host bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 Error Reporting
00:00.2 Host bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 Host Bus Control
00:00.3 Host bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800 PCI to PCI Bridge
00:00.4 Host bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 Power Management Control
00:00.5 PIC: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 APIC and Central Traffic Control
00:00.6 Host bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 Scratch Registers
00:00.7 Host bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 North-South Module Interface Control
00:01.0 VGA compatible controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 Chrome 9 HC3 Integrated Graphics (rev 11)
00:02.0 PCI bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 PCI Express Root Port
00:03.0 PCI bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 PCI Express Root Port
00:03.1 PCI bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 PCI Express Root Port
00:0f.0 IDE interface: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800 Serial ATA and EIDE Controller
00:10.0 USB controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82xxxxx UHCI USB 1.1 Controller (rev a0)
00:10.1 USB controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82xxxxx UHCI USB 1.1 Controller (rev a0)
00:10.2 USB controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82xxxxx UHCI USB 1.1 Controller (rev a0)
00:10.4 USB controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. USB 2.0 (rev 90)
00:11.0 ISA bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 Bus Control and Power Management
00:11.7 Host bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX8xx South-North Module Interface Control
00:13.0 PCI bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VX855/VX875/VX900 PCI to PCI Bridge
02:00.0 Ethernet controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT6120/VT6121/VT6122 Gigabit Ethernet Adapter (rev 82)
03:00.0 Ethernet controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT6120/VT6121/VT6122 Gigabit Ethernet Adapter (rev 82)

lspci command can be used to find out if a given PCI hardware is supported of by the currently running Linux kernel. In this example find out if Ethernet controller VT6120/VT6121/VT6122 from VIA Technologies is supported or not:

# lspci | grep VT6120

Sample outputs:

02:00.0 Ethernet controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT6120/VT6121/VT6122 Gigabit Ethernet Adapter (rev 82)<br style=“padding: 0px; margin: 0px;” />

03:00.0 Ethernet controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT6120/VT6121/VT6122 Gigabit Ethernet Adapter (rev 82)

he identifier in first field 02:00.0 and 03:00.0. Now use the lspci -n as follows to get result for device 02:00.0 and 03:00.0:

# lspci -n | grep ‘0[2|3]:00.0’

Sample outputs:

02:00.0 0200: 1106:3119 (rev 82)
03:00.0 0200: 1106:3119 (rev 82)

Use the model id #3119 to search driver, as follows:

# grep 3119 /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.alias

Sample outputs:

alias pci:v00001106d00003119sv*sd*bc*sc*i* via_velocity

You need to use via_velocity driver for VIA networking velocity family Gigabit ethernet adapter:

# <a style=“padding: 0px; margin: 0px; color: #2361a1;” href=“http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-to-display-or-show-information-about-a-linux-kernel-module-or-drivers.html">modinfo</a>  via_velocity

Sample outputs:

filename:       /lib/modules/2.6.32-5-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/via-velocity.ko
description:    VIA Networking Velocity Family Gigabit Ethernet Adapter Driver
license:        GPL
author:         VIA Networking Technologies, Inc.
alias:          pci:v00001106d00003119sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
depends:        crc-ccitt
vermagic:       2.6.32-5-amd64 SMP mod_unload modversions
parm:           RxDescriptors:Number of receive descriptors (array of int)
parm:           TxDescriptors:Number of transmit descriptors (array of int)
parm:           rx_thresh:Receive fifo threshold (array of int)
parm:           DMA_length:DMA length (array of int)
parm:           IP_byte_align:Enable IP header dword aligned (array of int)
parm:           txcsum_offload:Enable transmit packet checksum offload (array of int)
parm:           flow_control:Enable flow control ability (array of int)
parm:           speed_duplex:Setting the speed and duplex mode (array of int)
parm:           ValPktLen:Receiving or Drop invalid 802.3 frame (array of int)
parm:           wol_opts:Wake On Lan options (array of int)
parm:           int_works:Number of packets per interrupt services (array of int)
parm:           rx_copybreak:Copy breakpoint for copy-only-tiny-frames (int)

#7: lshw / lshw-gtk

lshw command finds detailed information about the hardware configuration of the server or machine:

 
lshw

### See hardware in a compact format##
lshw -short

###  Only see disks and storage controllers in the system ###
lshw -class disk -class storage

### Only show all network interfaces in HTML fomrat ###
lshw -html -class network

## Graphical information about hardware configuration ###
lshw-gtk

Sample outputs (taken from lshw -short command):

Fig.01: lshw in action

 

See how to use lshw command to find more information about hard disk, ram speed, pci devices and much more. You may also these Linux commands helpful which gathers up information about a Linux system and hardware.

#8: ls

Use ls command to list directory contents:

 ## common examples of ls, see man page more info ##
ls
ls -l ## long format 
ls -F ## appends a character revealing the nature of a file
ls -a ## Show all files including hidden files
ls -R ## recursively lists subdirectories
ls -d ## Get info about a symbolic link or directory
ls -t ## Sort the list of files by modification time
ls -h ## Show sizes in human readable format
ls -B ## In directories, ignore files that end with ‘~’ (backup files)
ls -Z ## Display the SELinux security context
ls --group-directories-first -l ## Show directories first (group directories). Useful on server.
ls --color ##  Colorize the ls output 
ls --hide='*.txt' -l ## Hide or  ignore files whose names ends with .txt 

#9: lsof

Use this command list open filesnetwork portsactive processL, and much more:

 ### command lsof command examples ##
lsof | less # List all open file
lsof -u vivek -i # See all files  opened by user "vivek"
lsof -i 4 -a -p 7007 # List all open IPv4 network files in use by the process whose PID is 7007
lsof -i TCP:80  # Find process running on tcp port 80
lsof -i 6 # List only open IPv6 network files
lsof -i 4 # List only open IPv4 network files
lsof -i TCP:1-1024 # List process open in port range 1 to 1024
lsof -i @server1.cyberciti.biz:2000-2005 # List all files using any protocol on ports 2000 to 2005 of host server1.cyberciti.biz, use:              
lsof /dev/sr0 # List all open files on device /dev/sr0
lsof /dev/dvd # Find out why my DVD drive does not eject?
lsof -i -u^root # See all files open by all users except root
lsof /etc/foobar # Find out who's looking at the /etc/foobar file?

#10: lsattr

Use lsattr to lists the file attributes on a second extended file system. Can not edit or delete the file even if you are root? Use lsattr to list file:

$ lsattr /etc/passwd

Sample outputs:

------------------- /etc/passwd

Use chattr command to write protect files under Linux operating system:

# echo 'Test' > foobar<br style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" />

# chattr +i foobar

# lsattr foobar

Sample outputs:

----i-------------- foobar

Try to remove (delete) foobar as root user:

# rm foobar

Sample outputs:

rm: cannot remove `foobar': Operation not permitted

Remove IMMUTABLE capability i.e. file cannot be modified: it cannot be deleted or renamed, no link can be created to this file and no data can be written to the file:

# chattr -i foobar

#11: lshal

Use lshal command to display items in the HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) device database. HAL provides an easy way for applications to discover the hardware on the system:

# lshal | less<br style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" />

### get info about your hardware

# lshal -u /org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer

 

Sample outputs:

udi = '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer'
  info.addons = {'hald-addon-cpufreq', 'hald-addon-acpi'} (string list)
  info.callouts.add = {'hal-storage-cleanup-all-mountpoints'} (string list)
  info.interfaces = {'org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement'} (string list)
  info.product = 'Computer'  (string)
  info.subsystem = 'unknown'  (string)
  info.udi = '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer'  (string)
  org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement.method_argnames = {'num_seconds_to_sleep', 'num_seconds_to_sleep', '', '', '', 'enable_power_save'} (string list)
  org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement.method_execpaths = {'hal-system-power-suspend', 'hal-system-power-suspend-hybrid', 'hal-system-power-hibernate', 'hal-system-power-shutdown', 'hal-system-power-reboot', 'hal-system-power-set-power-save'} (string list)
  org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement.method_names = {'Suspend', 'SuspendHybrid', 'Hibernate', 'Shutdown', 'Reboot', 'SetPowerSave'} (string list)
  org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement.method_signatures = {'i', 'i', '', '', '', 'b'} (string list)
  org.freedesktop.Hal.version = '0.5.14'  (string)
  org.freedesktop.Hal.version.major = 0  (0x0)  (int)
  org.freedesktop.Hal.version.micro = 14  (0xe)  (int)
  org.freedesktop.Hal.version.minor = 5  (0x5)  (int)
  power_management.acpi.linux.version = '20110623'  (string)
  power_management.can_hibernate = true  (bool)
  power_management.can_suspend = true  (bool)
  power_management.can_suspend_hybrid = true  (bool)
  power_management.is_powersave_set = false  (bool)
  power_management.quirk.dpms_on = true  (bool)
  power_management.quirk.vbe_post = true  (bool)
  power_management.type = 'acpi'  (string)
  system.board.product = '0R1203'  (string)
  system.board.serial = '.XXXXXXX.CN4864304M0335.'  (string)
  system.board.vendor = 'Dell Inc.'  (string)
  system.board.version = ''  (string)
  system.chassis.manufacturer = 'Dell Inc.'  (string)
  system.chassis.type = 'Portable'  (string)
  system.firmware.release_date = '12/06/2011'  (string)
  system.firmware.vendor = 'Dell Inc.'  (string)
  system.firmware.version = 'A08'  (string)
  system.formfactor = 'laptop'  (string)
  system.hardware.primary_video.product = 1567  (0x61f)  (int)
  system.hardware.primary_video.vendor = 4318  (0x10de)  (int)
  system.hardware.product = 'Precision M6500'  (string)
  system.hardware.serial = 'XXXXXXX'  (string)
  system.hardware.uuid = 'ZZZZC-XXXXXXX-104C-XXXXXXX-YYYYY'  (string)
  system.hardware.vendor = 'Dell Inc.'  (string)
  system.hardware.version = ''  (string)
  system.kernel.machine = 'x86_64'  (string)
  system.kernel.name = 'Linux'  (string)
  system.kernel.version = '3.2.0-0.bpo.1-amd64'  (string)
  system.kernel.version.major = 3  (0x3)  (int)
  system.kernel.version.micro = 0  (0x0)  (int)
  system.kernel.version.minor = 2  (0x2)  (int)

#12: lsinitramfs

Use this command to show the content of given initramfs images. It allows one to quickly check the content of one (or multiple) specified initramfs files. This is useful to find out of if a given driver (such as RAID device driver) included in initramfs images or not:

 
lsinitramfs /boot/initrd.img-$(uname -r)  # See initramfs content of current running Linux kernel
lsinitramfs /boot/initrd.img-$(uname -r) | grep 'dm-'   # Find out if transparent encryption / decryption driver included or not

Sample outputs (it means I can encrypt entire hard disk under Linux and support included at the boot time):

lib/modules/2.6.32-5-amd64/kernel/drivers/md/dm-snapshot.ko
lib/modules/2.6.32-5-amd64/kernel/drivers/md/dm-crypt.ko
lib/modules/2.6.32-5-amd64/kernel/drivers/md/dm-mirror.ko
lib/modules/2.6.32-5-amd64/kernel/drivers/md/dm-region-hash.ko
lib/modules/2.6.32-5-amd64/kernel/drivers/md/dm-mod.ko
lib/modules/2.6.32-5-amd64/kernel/drivers/md/dm-log.ko

#13: lsmod

Use this command to list all device driver loaded currently in the Linux Kernel:

# lsmod

Sample outputs (taken from my Asus RT-16 router running on open source Tomato firmware)

Module                  Size  Used by    Tainted: P
ohci_hcd               21552  0
ehci_hcd               40752  0
ext2                   67712  0
ext3                  136576  0
jbd                    62080  1 ext3
mbcache                 7280  2 ext2,ext3
usb_storage            50048  0
sd_mod                 27440  0
scsi_wait_scan           960  0
scsi_mod              105376  3 usb_storage,sd_mod,scsi_wait_scan
usbcore               147344  4 ohci_hcd,ehci_hcd,usb_storage
nf_nat_pptp             2592  0
nf_conntrack_pptp       6000  1 nf_nat_pptp
nf_nat_proto_gre        2128  1 nf_nat_pptp
nf_conntrack_proto_gre     4160  1 nf_conntrack_pptp
wl                   1884144  0
igs                    17936  1 wl
emf                    22720  2 wl,igs
et                     59744  0

To find out if you are running the module called ath_pci, enter (verify that module is loaded for a given device):

# lsmod | grep ath_pci

#14: lspcmcia

See information about the PCMCIA sockets and devices present in the system powered by Linux:

# lspcmcia

Sample outputs:

Socket 0 Bridge:   	[yenta_cardbus] 	(bus ID: 0000:03:01.0)

#15: lswm

USe this command to discover new wiimotes (Wii Remote) — the primary controller for Nintendo’s Wii console. It can be used with X to control the cursor and much more:

# lswm

#16: lsdvd

Use this command for reading the contents of a DVD and printing the contents to your display and dump for further processing in external applications.

 
lsdvd     # Default output, show info in human readable 
lsdvd -a  # See information about audio streams
lsdvd -c  # See chapter information
lsdvd -s  # See subpicture information (e.g. subtitles)
lsdvd -s -t track-number
lsdvd -a -t 1

Sample outputs:

libdvdread: Using libdvdcss version 1.2.10 for DVD access
Disc Title: DVD_VIDEO
Title: 01, Length: 00:22:01.000 Chapters: 06, Cells: 06, Audio streams: 04, Subpictures: 21
	Audio: 1, Language: en - English, Format: ac3, Frequency: 48000, Quantization: drc, Channels: 2, AP: 0, Content: Undefined, Stream id: 0x80
	Audio: 2, Language: fr - Francais, Format: ac3, Frequency: 48000, Quantization: drc, Channels: 2, AP: 0, Content: Undefined, Stream id: 0x81
	Audio: 3, Language: de - Deutsch, Format: ac3, Frequency: 48000, Quantization: drc, Channels: 2, AP: 0, Content: Undefined, Stream id: 0x82
	Audio: 4, Language: en - English, Format: ac3, Frequency: 48000, Quantization: drc, Channels: 2, AP: 0, Content: Undefined, Stream id: 0x83

You can use mplayer to play dvd:

$ mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/dvd

#17: lslk

Use this command to to lists all locks associated with the local files of the system:

# lslk

Sample outputs:

SRC            PID   DEV     INUM        SZ TY M         ST WH        END LEN NAME
portmap       1354 254,1  4309006         5  w 0          0  0          0   0 /var/run/portmap.pid
atd           2124 254,1  4309014         5  w 0          0  0          0   0 /var/run/atd.pid
mysqld        2404 254,1  6824038   5242880  w 0          0  0          0   0 /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile1
mysqld        2404 254,1  6824037   5242880  w 0          0  0          0   0 /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile0
mysqld        2404 254,1  6824036  27262976  w 0          0  0          0   0 /var/lib/mysql/ibdata1
(unknown)     2807 254,1  4309033            w 0          0  0          0   0 / (rootfs)
compiz        3398 254,1  7815224     81090  w 0          0  0          0   0 /home/vivek/.nv/GLCache/a147bc5d819e1646d5baf3c8f0a017e4/8bdcca7527c339d4/736353d788902c9e.bin
compiz        3398 254,1  7815223      7668  w 0          0  0          0   0 /home/vivek/.nv/GLCache/a147bc5d819e1646d5baf3c8f0a017e4/8bdcca7527c339d4/736353d788902c9e.toc
python        3427 254,1  4030467         0  w 0          0  0          0   0 /home/vivek/.hplip/hp-systray.lock
chrome        3567 254,1  3956948     12288  w 0 1073741824  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.config/google-chrome/Default/Login Data
chrome        3567 254,1  3957700 135782400  w 0 1073741824  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.config/google-chrome/Default/History Index 2012-06
chrome        3567 254,1  3957049 120713216  w 0 1073741824  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.config/google-chrome/Default/History Index 2012-07
chrome        3567 254,1  3956937  15605760  w 0 1073741824  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.config/google-chrome/Default/Favicons
chrome        3567 254,1  3957883   1155072  w 0 1073741824  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.config/google-chrome/Default/Shortcuts
chrome        3567 254,1  3957138  61657088  w 0 1073741824  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.config/google-chrome/Default/History Index 2012-08
chrome        3567 254,1  3956932  24100864  w 0 1073741824  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.config/google-chrome/Default/History
chrome        3567 254,1  3957892   3702784  w 0 1073741824  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.config/google-chrome/Default/Network Action Predictor
chrome        3567 254,1  3956926    552960  w 0 1073741824  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.config/google-chrome/Default/Web Data
chrome        3567 254,1  3956809     57344  r 0 1073741826  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.config/google-chrome/Default/Archived History
firefox       3575 254,1  3964960    425984  w 0 1073741824  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.mozilla/firefox/j7nk7e8h.default/addons.sqlite
firefox       3575 254,1  3964948   1114112  r 0 1073741826  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.mozilla/firefox/j7nk7e8h.default/extensions.sqlite
firefox       3575 254,1  3973490    983040  r 0 1073741826  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.mozilla/firefox/j7nk7e8h.default/StumbleUpon/user6896004.sqlite
firefox       3575 254,1  8364042     32768  r 0        128  0        128   0 /home/vivek/.mozilla/firefox/j7nk7e8h.default/places.sqlite-shm
firefox       3575 254,1  3964949  20971520  r 0 1073741826  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.mozilla/firefox/j7nk7e8h.default/places.sqlite
firefox       3575 254,1  8364040     32768  r 0        128  0        128   0 /home/vivek/.mozilla/firefox/j7nk7e8h.default/cookies.sqlite-shm
firefox       3575 254,1  3964961   1048576  r 0 1073741826  0 1073742335   0 /home/vivek/.mozilla/firefox/j7nk7e8h.default/cookies.sqlite
firefox       3575 254,1  3964944         0  w 0          0  0          0   0 /home/vivek/.mozilla/firefox/j7nk7e8h.default/.parentlock
chrome        6326 254,1  7815216     88822  w 0          0  0          0   0 /home/vivek/.nv/GLCache/a147bc5d819e1646d5baf3c8f0a017e4/8bdcca7527c339d4/bc35a2d21bc47b1d.bin
chrome        6326 254,1  7815215      2676  w 0          0  0          0   0 /home/vivek/.nv/GLCache/a147bc5d819e1646d5baf3c8f0a017e4/8bdcca7527c339d4/bc35a2d21bc47b1d.toc
transmission 10465 254,1 11468802         0  w 0          0  0          0   0 /home/vivek/.config/transmission/lock

#18: lsmbox

Use this command to display the number of messages in a mailbox. Both total, unread but old, and new messages can be listed, for one or several mailbox files:

 
lsmbox !     # Get information about your inbox
lsmbox spam support family   # Get information about the mailboxes spam, support, and family  
lsmbox ~/foo # Get information about the mailbox foo which resides in your home directory

#19: lscgroup

Use this command to list all cgroups (control groups) which a Linux kernel feature to limit, account and isolate resource usage (such as CPU, memory, disk I/O, etc.) of process groups.

# lscgroup

#20: lsdiff

Use this command to see which files are modified by a patch. o sort the order of touched files in a patch, you can use:

$ lsdiff patch | sort -u | xargs -rn1 filterdiff patch -i

To show only added files in a patch:

$ lsdiff -s patch | grep '^+' | cut -c2- | xargs -rn1 filterdiff patch -i

To show the headers of all file hunks:

$ lsdiff -n patch | (while read n file do sed -ne "$n,$(($n+1))p" patch done)

#21: lspst

Use this command to list PST (MS Outlook Personal Folders) file data. It produce a simple listing of the data (contacts, email subjects, etc):

$ lspst mypst-file

#22: lsdnssec

Use lsdnssec command to ummarizes information about DNSSEC-related files. These files may be specified on the command line or found in directories that were given on the command line. The -d flag controls the amount of detail in the lsdnssec output.

# lsdnssec file

lsdnssec displays the following information about each zone for which it collects information:

keys
    Key information is shown about the keys currently in use. A bar graph is included that shows the age of the key with respect to the configured expected key-life time.
    This information is collected from any .krf files lsdnssec finds.
rolling status
    If any zone keys are being rolled via rollerd, then the status of the rolling state is shown. The time needed to reach the next state is also displayed.
    This information is collected from any .rollrec files found by lsdnssec.

Have a favorite Linux ls* command or script? Share in the comments below.

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